In the last forty years, philosophy of physics has become a large and vigorous branch of philosophy, and so has amply won its place in a series of Handbooks in the philosophy of science. The reasons for its vigour are not far to seek. As we see matters, there are two main reasons; the first relates to the formative years of analytic philosophy of science, and the second to the last forty years.
First, physics had an enormous influence on the early phase of the analytic movement in philosophy. This influence does not just reflect the fact that for the logical positivists and logical empiricists, and for others such as Russell, physics represented a paradigm of empirical knowledge. There are also much more specific influences. Each of the three main pillars of modern physics - thermal physics, quantum theory and relativity - contributed specific ideas and arguments to philosophical debate. Among the more obvious influences are the following.
Thermal physics and the scientific controversy about the existence of atoms bore upon the philosophical debate between realism and instrumentalism; and the rise of statistical mechanics fuelled the philosophy of probability. As to quantum theory, its most pervasive influence in philosophy has undoubtedly been to make philosophers accept that a fundamental physical theory could be indeterministic. But this influence is questionable since, as every philosopher of science knows (or should know!), indeterminism only enters at the most controversial point of quantum theory: viz., the alleged “collapse of the wave packet”. In any case, the obscurity of the interpretation of quantum theory threw not only philosophers, but also the giants of physics, such as Einstein and Bohr, into vigorous debate: and not only about determinism, but also about other philosophical fundamentals, such as the nature of objectivity. Finally, relativity theory, both special and general, revolutionized the philosophy of space and time, in particular by threatening neo- Kantian doctrines about the nature of geometry.
These influences meant that when the analytic movement became dominant in anglophone philosophy, the interpretation of modern physics was established as a prominent theme in its sub-discipline, philosophy of science. Accordingly, as philosophy has grown, so has the philosophy of physics. But from the 1960s onwards, philosophy of physics has also grown for a reason external to philosophy. Namely, within physics itself there has been considerable interest in foundational issues, with results that have many suggestive repercussions for philosophy. Again, there have been various developments within physics, and thereby various influences on philosophy. The result, we believe, is that nowadays foundational issues in the fundamental physical theories provide the most interesting and important problems in the philosophy of physics.
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